Polystorm soakaway crates installation. They can be used in non-trafficked and. Polystorm soakaway crates installation

 
 They can be used in non-trafficked andPolystorm soakaway crates installation Materials and labour fees

2m3. Brand Rainsmart. Product code: F62979. It is a crate-like structure made of interlocking pieces typically made of plastic or concrete. They can be used in non. Orders placed by 11AM are dispatched the same day, most deliveries are currently arriving within 2-3 days. Attenuation & Soakaway Crates. Soakaway Crates: Aquacrate 20 tonne soakaway crate - 1m x 1m x 0. Therefore the average soakaway requires an excavation of 1. With so many variables, it can be difficult to know how many. 2m3 Per Crate) Fast Shipping. Void Ratio: 95%. Oil interception at source, no petrol interceptors. Home. For an easy-to-access garden, you can expect a small soakaway to cost around £1,000. Our surveying division attend site producing a stock pile volume survey and cut and fill drawing. Flexible shape, perfect for use in restricted areas, narrow strips or shallow excavation systems. VAT. This product can bear up to 62 tonnes and is 1m x 0. VATFrom £ 228. Quanzhou Fujian China. Large access tunnel (height 320mm and width 172mm nominal. 25m3). Our team of experienced and professional installation experts can provide you with a cost-effective package. has partnered up with a number of UK manufacturers using EcoBloc Maxx, Pluvial Cube and Polystorm Attenuation Crate Systems to install underground stormwater storage tanks. Web This product can bear up to 65 tonnes and is 1m x 05m x 04m in size and can hold 02m3 per crate. PLEASE NOTE - This video has been superceded, you can find the new video here: Soakaway Crates are an exce. Rain Bloc 60 Tonne Soakaway and Attenuation Crate - 0. Removed the requirement for pumping stations. Spread the love. The crates, made from plastic which clip together easily to form a box structure, are commonly used in various different projects from commercial to domestic. 25m3 of water, so 1m3 divided by 0. We recommend that your groundwork contractor undertakes a percolation test on your soil to calculate the correct. Soakaway Crates, also known as Attenuation Crates, Storm Cells or Storm Crates, are interlocking crate systems that allow surface water to be stored and gradually released back to the ground or sewer network slowly. A soakaway can also be constructed under a new drive if space is limited. Once the back, side and top is covered with 150mm of pea shingle, then you can add the top soil – usually a minimum of 400mm. See all prices. VAT. Home Soakaway Crates: Polystorm 61 tonne Polypipe Soakaway Crate - 1m x 0. 25 x 8m Breathable Drainage Landscape Fabric Drainage Channel Liner Wrap Water Control. Product Literature & Technical Information. Add to basket. Engineered with precision, this innovative system ensures effective drainage and helps prevent flooding in a variety of applications. Buy Now. Polystorm Soakaway Crates 1000mm L X 500mm W X 400mm DEach crate has a capacity of approx. agency on Tue, 03/29/2016 - 10:43. This water flows out of the tank and into soakaway drainage field. 0 out of 5 stars Easy to use. It is also wise to incorporate reinforcing mesh into the concrete to prevent cracking. Soakaway Crates Installation UK: How-to by EasyMerchant. Our recommendation We offer a type of soakaway crates. Enabling surface water to be soaked down into the crates at a fast rate, then further dissipates the gathered water into the lower ground clearing water quickly from the surface. Material. g. four corners of the adaptor base and seal geomembrane around the flange, the same way as making. 25 = 4 crates required. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION. 46 £62. For more information, please contact our specialist team on +971 (0) 4 518 3000 or email middleeast@polypipe. Soakaway Crates - Shallow. It is ideally suited to deeper applications and can accommodate a wide range of traffic loadings, from pedestrianised areas to large HGV parks. LLDPE High Strength Impermeable Tank Liner Membrane. We cannot be beaten on Quality or Price. Custom sizes are also available based on project requirements. Secure Checkout. 4m (190 litres/0. Rain Bloc 60 Tonne Soakaway and Attenuation Set with Silt Trap & Lid - 0. 95 (£48. 6 out of 5 stars 37. Can I print off Data Sheets and Installation Guides? Yes, most of our info is supplied in PDF, including COSHH, Technical Data Sheets and Product Brochures. Surface water is diverted or soaks down into crates and from there dissipates into the lower ground clearing water. Enabling surface water to be soaked down into the crates at a fast rate, then further dissipates the gathered water. 18M2- Geotextile membrane Fabric Garden - Soakaway Crate Underlay Fabric 2. I've always wondered what a soakaway is. Graf Rain Bloc Stormwater Attenuation Crate - 3. Heavy Load Capacity: These High strength crates with lorry bearing of up to 60 tonnes are perfect to use for drives, carparks, pitches, lawns and areas prone to localised flooding. Where deep drains are necessary, the hole should conform to this shape at the bottom, but may be enlarged above the 300mm level to enable safe excavation to be carried out. 25m3 of water, so 1m3 divided by 0. Polystorm is a geocellular water management system, suitable for use beneath both trafficked and non-trafficked surfaces for surface water management in the. Installation Advice For the seasoned pro or first time DIYer. Want some advice on how to install your soakaways, or interested in finding out more about our product range, take a look at our guides & tips. 36. For a soakaway system, it is highly recommended to install your soakaway crates with a non-woven geotextile or protection fleece. A soakaway crate is a type of underground drainage solution used in home drainage systems. As a broad brush a Soakaway Size of 1m³ is sufficient to drain a roof area of approximately 50 square metres under normal conditions. 2 subscribers Subscribe 0 2. Product Description. The Brett Martin Stormcrate 55T Soakaway Crate is the perfect solution for managing stormwater runoff. Product description. Brand Graf. Secure Checkout. Soakaway Crates are quick & simple to install and a variety of size-configurations can be easily formed. . £ 82. All orders are shipped in 1-3 business days. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb PlasticsSoakaway Crates are quick & simple to install and a variety of size-configurations can be easily formed. Stormwater Solutions. 2m x 1. 1 Item . Some soakaway crates have a special section in place for the storm water pipe to be attached to. View all. DO choose a soakaway which has the correct loading in relation to where it will be installed; either gardens (normally 20 tonnes) or driveways (usually 40 tonnes). Dig a hole using a backhoe, auger, or shovel. com or click the contact us button below. Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧 on 18 May 2021. You then wrap the crates in Geotextile to hold the water, but allow some permeability. The tried and tested Polystorm geocellular range is designed to provide surface water retention, surface water attenuation or surface water infiltration at a variety of depths. POLYSTORM SOAKAWAY: PV-SD-IN-GC-001: PERMAVOID WITH GULLYCEPTOR SHALLOW INFILTRATION DETAIL: PV-SD-IN-GC-002: PERMAVOID WITH GULLYCEPTOR SUDSAGG INFILTRATION DETAIL:. Each PSM1A crate unit includes 4 clips and 2 shear connectors. : US 9. - We offer an Installation Service for Soakaway Crates If you need a complete package, we can also design, supply and install your stormwater management system for you. Reviews . 800x…~ Delivered anywhere in Ireland. item 7 POLYSTORM SOAKAWAY CRATE (65TONNE) 1000MM X 500MM X 400MM ( 0. £518. Login / Register. Polystorm Soakaway Kit PSM1A Crate + Geotextile Membrane + Joining Tape (760L) 4. Soakaway crate sizes can vary, but a common size for residential use is around 1m x 1m x 1m. It is very easy to install this modular cell system, making it one of the most popular cellular soakaway crate options in the UK. per page. 81 £294. DON'T install a soakaway in heavy clay soil, the water cannot drain through. Code 90004M3FK. 0 out of 5 stars Easy to use. Laying Generally Permatex protective. 2 m3) Suitable for vehicle loads of up to class D400 (40 Tonne). We offer a range of silt traps, flow control units and adaptors are also available to complete the system. Customs services and international tracking provided. Polystorm Soakaway Geotextiles - Product Codes: PVTS1000 & PVTS2000. Trustpilot. Soakaway crate sizes can vary, but a common size for residential use is around 1m x 1m x 1m. Add 150mm of 20mm pea shingle to the bottom of the pit. below ground, buried in trenches filled with. Polypipe Polystorm Crates Download PDF. Brand Rainsmart. 00 incl VAT. It is very easy to install this modular cell system, making it one of the most popular cellular soakaway crate options in the UK. 00. Bringing benefits of a long lifespan and easy installation to implement it with ease. - We offer an Installation Service for Soakaway Crates - If you need a complete package, we can also design, supply and install your stormwater management system for you. The 2. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb PlasticsPlastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. IThen all you need to do is simple decide on the type of soakaway crate you require, and divide 1m3 by the volume of each individual crate. These modular water storage cells have a high void ratio and are. delivered to site ready to install. Drainage pipe bend. Plastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. 2CM3) HEAVY DUTY. 4. cars and HGV’s. Our heavy soakaway crates are 690mm deep. The tried and tested Polystorm geocellular range is designed to provide surface water retention, surface water attenuation or surface water infiltration at a variety of depths. My waste is flushed into a sump. EasyMerchant’s soakaway crate kits are comprised of enough soakaway crates, non-woven geotextile, waterproof tape, and cable ties to complete a full installation saving you money and time on site. Above the crates we recommend a 150mm sand/gravel layer and a further 150mm – 350mm of backfill depending upon the application. Products. Product Code. 2m, are suitable for commercial and industrial applications. Unit Dimensions: 1000mm x 500mm x 400mm. Opens in a new window or tab. 20% VAT) (£46. Plastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. Polypipe’s geocellular water management systems have been installed across a new 500 space car park that will service an expanding science park complex in Manchester. Plastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. When calculating the size of the area that needs excavating, remember to allow extra width, length and depth for a base, side and backfill. 4M P/STORM PSM1A. We stock soakaway crates, damp proof and geotextile membrane for disposing of surface water. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb PlasticsUsually we would recommend 10mm or 20mm pea shingle for this. Each Brett Martin crate measures 1200mm long, 600mm wide and. polystorm Soakaway Kit PSM1A Crate + Geotextile Membrane + Joining Tape (190L) 4. COREwater SoakAway/Attenuation Crate. Likewise and above ground attenuation tank may not appeal due to aesthetic/planning consThis item: Polystorm PolyPipe 190 Litre Storm Crate (1) £6737. View All; Soil Pipes. Includes 2 Shear Pin Connectors, and 4 StormCrate55 Connectors. We have a number of options. RAD will work with you. Place in the wrapped drainage crates then fill any remaining space around the sides with gravel. Product Description. 5 out of 5 stars 75. AquaCrate Stormwater Soakaway and Attenuation Crate 20 Tonne - 2. Backfill the hole so the crates are secured. Dig a hole 300mm square to a depth 300mm below the proposed invert level of the incoming pipe. Polystorm Soakaway Geotextiles are UV stabilized, polypropylene continuous filament needle-punched non-woven geotextiles, designed to complement our existing Polystorm modular geocellular system. We now stock a range of sizes to meet your drainage needs. Installation Advice For the seasoned pro or first time DIYer. 94' x 1. Wrap the drainage crates in geotextile fabric. 5m x 0. Smaller crates, like 0. Compressive Strength: Maximum 55 Tonne. 3 crates per m 3. Collapsible folds flat for storage. Polystorm Soakaway Water Storage Cell - 1000mm (L) x 500mm (W) x 400mm (H). 29 ex VAT) Polypipe Polystorm-R PSM1a Heavy Duty (65 Tonne) Soakaway Crate 1000mm L X 500mm W X 400mm DYour soil type will determine the efficiency of the soakaway system. It should be 300mm x 300mm and 300mm deep at your drainage site. The Polystorm Soakaway Crate 1m x 0. Plastic Soakaway Crates are an excellent solution for draining surface water runoff and preventing water damage and dampness to your house. Commercial Building Services. Our Rain Bloc cubic metre tank is 420mm deep but can be stacked to increase depth or laid next to each other as a shallow tank. With a 20 tonne per square metre compressive strength it will however take general maintenance vehicles such as grass cutters. Our RecoCrate range of recycled plastic drainage crates are lightweight modular cells with a high void ratio which can be used for creating underground water storage systems and attenuation systems for landscaped areas. Reviews . 26 (£30. Installation Standard Polystorm HD Soakaway Geotextile will be laid to suit site specific requirements. Our heavy soakaway crates are 690mm deep. £172. Brand Graf. Soakaway Kit - Polystorm PSM1A Crate + Geotextile Membrane + Joining Tape A soakaway drainage solution consisting of anti-flooding storm crates with a suitable amount of geotextile membrane and joining tape. Product code: F62979. 28 crates per m 3. 25 x 8m Breathable Drainage Landscape Fabric Drainage Channel Liner Wrap Water Control. From £ 273. This short video from the PBSL Group explains how best to connect plastic soakaway crates together. Storm Decking, Polycarbonate Sheets & Bars, Internal &. 25m3). Web POLYSTORM SOAKAWAY CRATES Commercial - Domestic - Industrial Suppliers. Each PSM1A crate unit includes 4 clips and 2 shear connectors. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb PlasticsPlastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. 26. Suitable for single plot applications such as remote boilers or heat. 39. 00 £ | Wavin polypipe hewitch: 30. Storage Volume: 190L per crate. Product Description. As part of a full drainage system it is an efficient and low environmental-impact way of dealing with surface water (also called runoff, rain water or storm water). com. 320mm x 630mm Mini Silt Trap For 110mm uPVC Pipe c/w Removable Bucket BPST110. 7 out of 5 stars 35. Custom sizes are also available based on project. Land Drainage. 3' (1200 x 600 x 700mm); - Up to 45 years design life; - Void ratio: 96%; - Material: - 100% Recycled PP, or. The broad principle of capturing excess surface water in an underground tank that works as a reservoir divides into two key forms: attenuation tanks and soakaways crates (also known as soakaway tanks). Soakaway Crates are quick & simple. •DYKA Rainbox 3S soakaway crates: 3. Product description. Draintex has a stable but open structure suitable for lining land drain trenches and constructing French. (BRRB33). You should recieve some clips or ties with the crates. Call us on 0121 351 3230 for advice. 320mm x 630mm Mini Silt Trap For 110mm uPVC Pipe c/w Removable Bucket BPST110. You will need as many of the crates that will give you the same volume as the original soakaway, maybe. We will excavate the site, and bury the crate underground, then dig drains or channels which deliver excess water into the crate. The back inlet gully or chamber discharges the filtered stormwater into the permeable sub-base via Heavy Duty Permavoid diffuser units encapsulated in a 2mm mesh fabric. 18M2- Geotextile membrane Fabric Garden - Soakaway Crate Underlay Fabric 2. View Range . Rounded Glacial Boulders. Brand Rainsmart. Draintex White Non-Woven Filtration Geotextile (Soakaway Wrap) Product Code: DRAx. From 3 reviews. Ideal for retention, attenuation or soakaway applications with a suitable geomembrane or geotextile. Plastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. Permatex 300 for infiltration or protection Product code: PV23006 A non-woven protective geotextile that can be used for soakaway infiltration solutions or to wrap a geocellular tank before a geomembrane is installed for added protection. Submitted by info@worship. Sometimes, your septic tank overflowing can cause the wrong stuff to go into your soakaway system, which in turn causes a blockage. 4m in size. Free next day delivery available for orders over £1000. Call us on 0121 351 3230 for advice. Soakaway Crates: AquaCell Core-R 60 Tonne Wavin Soakaway Crate - 200 L – Cotterill Civils. Allied to SDS SYMBiotIC™ smart monitoring and control these devices protect nature-based solutions from the impacts of excessive or. Brands. Ponari Builders recently completed a project near Stamford Hill in North London. Gordon Kinchett, Ordered terram t1000. The main function of a soakaway crate is to collect excess water from areas such as roof gutters and driveways and then slowly release the water into the. 5m x 0. One person found this helpful. Reviews. (Max 10000) ADD TO BASKET. The StormMaster Heavy Duty Crate is suitable for car parks, general duty and traffic use. 2CM3) HEAVY DUTY POLYSTORM SOAKAWAY CRATE (65TONNE) 1000MM X 500MM X 400MM ( 0. Browse our Land Drainage supplies, suitable for domestic, commercial, agricultural and industrial areas to prevent project grounds from being waterlogged. Underground Drainage Damp Proof Membrane/Radon Barrier Flexible Couplings Channel Drainage Land Drainage Ducting Soil & Vent Systems Speedfit Rainwater Drain Testing Pipe Insulation WC Pan Connectors Waste Pipe Systems Waste Traps & Shower Drains Overflow System Water Service. These soakaway crates come both flat-packed or pre-assembled. 7 out of 5 stars 35. Drainage Sales explains how to use the clips supplied with Soakaway Kits to connect individual crates togetherTo learn more about our soakaway crates, visit. Want some advice on how to install your soakaways, or interested in finding out more about our product range, take a look at our guides & tips. Sort By. 3 Crates per m3, 60 Tonne Rated. Brett Martin Soakaway Crates; Graf Soakaway Crates; View All Soakaway Crates; Flood Defence. Code 90004M3K. It can hold 0. £45. Enabling surface water to be soaked down into the crates at a fast rate, then further dissipates the gathered water. Typical installation procedure - soakaway 5. Polystorm water crates (5 per cubic metre) can hold 190 litres of water. It offers all the proven performance of the Polystorm cell, with the added benefits of being manufactured from over 90% recycled material content. Tonne loading. 2 56 - 57 Ventilation 5. These soakaway crates (Polystorm) clip together to form a load-bearing underground water storage/attenuation system. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb Plasticscalculator for soakaway cratesis a really simple and easy way to work out the size of a sep. The crates are made of plastic, with a latticework construction to allow the water to pass through in a controlled way to the soakaway. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb PlasticsPermatex 300 - Product Code: PV23006 Permatex 300 is a heavy duty, non-woven, needle-punched polypropylene geotextile, designed to protect and separate Permavoid geocellular layers. £27. Spudulica Soakaway Crate Kit - 1140L capacity A soakaway drainage solution consisting of anti flooding storm crates with a suitable amount of geotextile membrane and joining tape. co. Report. Soakaway Crates. an inlet or outlet connection and seal. A traditional soakaway will typically drain between 30m2 2and 300m of impermeable area to every 1m2 area in the base of the soakaway (ie a ratio of between 30:1 and 300:1). 5m x 0. com or click the contact us button below. View all. With its dimensions of 1200mm x 600mm x 347mm, it can hold up to 0. Largest range of Soakaway Crates and Attenuation Cells for Drainage in the UK. Chose from 0. Polystorm. Scrape the sides of the hole to make sure they are clean. Polystorm Vertical Shear Connector. For more information on the Polypipe Polystorm-R PSM1A please discuss your project in more detail with JDP Technical Support on 01228 794426 (Mon-Fri 8am to 4pm) or technical@jdpipes. The steps to do this are below, but we also. Drain Installation & Tools. VAT£ 68. PolyPipe Polystorm R PSM1a Storm Soakaway Crate. Stage 5 – Cover the crates. We now stock a range of sizes to meet your drainage needs. +86 595 22788697. Polystorm Soakaway Water Storage Cell - 1000mm (L) x 500mm (W) x 400mm (H)Polypipe Soakaway Crate 1000 x 500 x 400mm Polystorm PSM1A. Collapsible folds flat for storage. In stock. These modular water storage cells have a high void ratio and are used for either attenuation or infiltration of stormwater in residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural applications. £1,425. alan@greening-solution. 4m in size and can hold 0. EcoGrid RainCatcher Graf Rain Bloc. As low as £43. It offers all the proven performance of the Polystorm cell, with the added benefits of being manufactured from over 90% recycled material content. Leslie Graves. Plastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. 19m3 per crate. Swift installation in up to 10 layers; Perfect for residential soakaways; Economical and space. We also offer Polystorm Access and Polystorm Inspect, which allow for. Plastic soakaway crates are a cost-effective system, ideal for draining surface water runoff. 99. uk. Can be installed above a high water table. 138 views, 8 likes, 1 loves, 3 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Bespoke Creations: Friday update. Soakaway Crates & Plastic Stormcrates - Build Plumb PlasticsPermavoid. It is ideal for source control and surface water treatment applications, and can easily overcome problematic site conditions such as high. To view these drawings you must have AutoCAD Release 12 or above. Soakaway Crates - Shallow; Standard (24 - 40 Tonne) Heavy (65 Tonne) Multi Use Drainage Cells; Land Drains. This allows for a 150mm base layer of sharp sand, 150mm of sand or gravel sidefill all around the outside of the crates. Spread the love. Storage Volume: 237. Includes 2 Shear Pin Connectors, and 4 StormCrate55 Connectors. Product Code: PSMST110. Dig a hole that is the right size for the crates and the top, side and base fillers of gravel and. Introduction: Attenuation cells, (also known as Storm Cells, Soakaway Modules, and Storm Crates) are the modern equivalent of a soakaway. 00 incl VAT. The crates are supplied with clips which allows them to be held together securely and easily, as well as stability rods which ensure the crates do not slide on top of one another. es. £0. 2K views 7 years ago This soakaway was installed using Polystorm heavy duty soakaway crates. 00 incl VAT. In real terms this means is that your garden, driveway, footpath, or where you install, won’t be disrupted or fearful in. 00 Save 20%. Buy premium-quality soakaway crates from Build Plumb Plastics. 5m x 0. Smaller crates, like 0. PPC 1. It is ideally suited to deeper applications and can accommodate a wide range of traffic loadings, from pedestrianised areas to large HGV parks. Installation Advice For the seasoned pro or first. Landscape membrane supplied. Soakaway Crates: Polystorm 61 tonne Polypipe Soakaway Crate - 1m x 0. Click on the water view button below and see. Unbelievably there are “companies” out there that use. Polystorm Soakaway Water Storage Cell - 1000mm (L) x 500mm (W) x 400mm (H). 2 68 - 71. Polystorm - maximum depth of installation 4 9 39 Polystorm & Polystorm Lite - minimum cover levels 4 10 39 Reducing lateral pressure - building out layers 4 Figure 19 40. Width x M: Length: ADD TO BASKET. Water Storage. Key Features: - Provides. 300gsm Non-Woven Protection Fleece. These modular water storage cells have a high void ratio and are used for either attenuation or infiltration of stormwater in residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural applications. We now stock a range of sizes to meet your drainage needs. The Polystorm geocellular range is designed to provide retention, attenuation and infiltration at a variety of depths. Brett Martin Soakaway Crates; Graf Soakaway Crates; View All Soakaway Crates; Flood Defence. For a soakaway system, it is highly recommended to install your soakaway crates wrapped with a non-woven geotextile or protection fleece. Our team of experienced and professional installation experts can provide you with a cost-effective package. 2m3 per crate. . They are modular, so multiple crates can be used for a soakaway system capable of providing the desired flow rate of water to a body of water or drain. The most common size of soakaway for residential use is 1 Cubic Metre (1m³), as this is what most Local Authorities seem to specify. 18M2- Geotextile membrane Fabric Garden - Soakaway Crate Underlay Fabric 2. A soakaway crate is used as part of a full drainage system in areas that experience high levels of surface water or run-off. Soakaway Crate by Stormcrate - 3. An average storm crate can hold about 300 litres of water. Shop online with us today. 00 out of 5. The Polypipe AC6006001 600mm x 600mm x 320mm Cable Protection Access Box gives you easy access to cabling, either on its own or as part of a stacked system. 5m x 0. Hydrocell Soakaway Crate 62 Ton. I've always wondered what a soakaway is. 25 x 8m Breathable Drainage Landscape Fabric Drainage Channel Liner Wrap Water Control. CHOOSE OPTIONS Add to wishlist. Find high-quality products at unbeatable prices. Buy Polystorm Soakaway Clip Connector Lateral with Professional Building Supplies. Attenuation crates, also known as soakaway crates, are used to control the level of surface water and reduce the risk of flooding. Rain Bloc 60 Tonne Soakaway and Attenuation Set with Silt Trap & Lid - 0. The project consist of the setting out of a mix of residential houses and apartment’s.